Free cash flow stability is a core strength. Otis produced free cash flow in the range of $1.44B–$1.59B over the last four fiscal years, with FY2024 at $1.44B. That consistency underpins dividend coverage and buybacks while preserving investment capacity for R&D (Otis spent $152MM on R&D in 2024 per filings). The company converted ~87% of reported net income into operating cash flow in 2024 (operating cash flow $1.56B vs. net income $1.73B per the cash flow schedule), supporting the assertion that earnings have real cash backing.

Table 1 below summarizes the core income-statement trends and margins (all figures in USD billions except margins):

Year	Revenue	Operating Income	Net Income	Operating Margin	Net Margin
2024	14.26	2.29	1.65	16.03%	11.53%
2023	14.21	2.23	1.41	15.68%	9.90%
2022	13.69	2.08	1.25	15.16%	9.16%
2021	14.30	2.17	1.25	15.20%	8.71%

These calculations use the company-reported top-line and income-line figures from the FY filings (fillingDate: 2025-02-04 for FY2024) and derive margins by dividing the relevant income measure by reported revenue Otis FY2024 filings.

Cash flow and balance-sheet dynamics: what the math shows#

Otis’s cash flow profile is unusually clean for a capital-intensive equipment manufacturer because the recurring Service business converts at high cash rates. The company’s reported net cash provided by operating activities in 2024 was $1.56B, and free cash flow was $1.44B after $126MM of capital expenditures. That yields a free-cash-flow margin of ~10.09% (1.44B / 14.26B). Importantly, Otis increased cash on hand from $1.27B at end-2023 to $2.30B at end-2024 while also stepping up share repurchases to $1.01B.

At the same time total debt rose modestly to $8.74B (2024) from $7.31B (2023) and long-term debt ticked to $7.27B. The reported net debt of $6.44B divided by the FY2024 reported EBITDA of $2.22B gives a leverage ratio of ~2.90x (6.44 / 2.22) using year-end EBITDA, while the company’s TTM metric shows 3.57x net-debt-to-EBITDA — a discrepancy that reflects timing differences between TTM EBITDA and the single-year FY EBITDA figure. Both measures point to mid-single-digit leverage: meaningful but not uncommon for an industrial with stable cash conversion.

Table 2 presents balance-sheet and cash-flow highlights (USD billions):

Year	Cash & ST Inv.	Total Assets	Total Liabilities	Equity	Net Debt	Free Cash Flow	Share Repurchases
2024	2.30	11.32	16.04	-4.85	6.44	1.44	1.01
2023	1.27	10.12	14.84	-4.92	6.03	1.49	0.80
2022	1.19	9.82	14.48	-4.87	6.02	1.45	0.85
2021	1.56	12.28	15.26	-3.63	6.22	1.59	0.73

These figures are compiled from Otis’s FY financial statements (filing dates as shown in company filings) and the net debt calculation is total debt minus cash and short-term investments.

Sources of strength: Service economics and modernization pipeline#

A central strategic fact for Otis is that the Service business drives the margin profile and cash yield. The company’s historical disclosures and recent segment commentary show Service contributing a large share of operating profit and carrying higher operating margins than New Equipment. While the public dataset provided here does not break out segment dollars line-by-line, multiple operating metrics point to Service as the core engine: improving operating margin (16.03% in 2024), strong free cash flow and stable installed-base monetization.

Operationally, modernization orders and long-term maintenance contracts create high-margin, annuity-like cash flows. Management has emphasized technology — notably the Gen3 elevator platform and the Otis ONE connected operations suite — as ways to convert new equipment installations into recurring, higher-margin service revenue by selling predictive maintenance, parts and modernization over asset life cycles. R&D spend of $152MM in 2024 is modest relative to revenue but targeted at product and digital service differentiation.

Headwinds and management responses: China and programmatic cost actions#

Otis’s geographic mix exposes it to cyclical new-equipment demand in markets such as China. Recent operating commentary and company programmatic actions indicate the company faced a meaningful Chinese slowdown in 2025 for New Equipment and initiated a China transformation program initially targeting $30MM in run-rate savings, later increased to $40MM as execution accelerated. Those actions are typical for managing margin in cyclical end markets, but they matter quantitatively: a $40MM run-rate saving is roughly 1.8% of FY2024 operating income — nontrivial but not transformative.

Management’s playbook appears to be two-fold: (1) tighten cost and execution in China to protect New Equipment margins and (2) accelerate international equipment wins and modernization backlog to feed Service tails outside China. The company’s ability to sustain Service margin expansion and convert infrastructure awards into long-duration contracts will determine whether near-term China weakness is a temporary drag or a structural headwind.

Capital allocation: buybacks, dividends and the equity paradox#

Otis returned meaningful cash to shareholders in 2024: $606MM in dividends and $1.01B in repurchases. That activity, financed out of operating cash and incremental debt, explains much of the negative retained earnings and the negative shareholders’ equity position. Calculated payout metrics show a TTM dividend per share of $1.62 and TTM net income per share of $3.91, yielding a payout ratio of ~41.44% (1.62 / 3.91) by our calculation — close to the company-reported payout around 40.8%.

The negative book equity (-$4.85B) is an accounting outcome that matters for optics and some valuation multiples (for example, price-to-book is negative), but it does not by itself prevent operational funding or dividend payments when cash flow remains positive. Nonetheless, negative equity increases corporate governance scrutiny and could restrict some forms of financing if it persists or if credit metrics deteriorate materially.

Market valuation and forward expectations#

At a recent price of $86.49 and market capitalization of $33.95B, Otis trades with a TTM price-to-earnings multiple near 22.15x (company TTM metrics) and an enterprise-value-to-EBITDA of ~19.86x on reported TTM figures. Forward P/E estimates embedded in consensus fall over the next several years (2025: 20.69x, 2026: 18.91x, 2027: 18.38x), reflecting modest EPS growth expectations and continued multiple compression if EBITDA expansion does not outpace the numerator.

Analyst estimates in the provided dataset show EPS growth (estimated EPS rising to ~$4.06 in 2025 and to ~$5.80 by 2029). Those forecasted EPS figures imply a steady recovery in equipment cycles and continued Service-margin improvement. The market’s current valuation appears to price Otis as a stable, cash-generative industrial with moderate growth rather than a high-growth technology or infrastructure winner.

Earnings cadence and surprises: recent beats and misses#

Otis’s recent quarterly surprises were mixed but not volatile. The dataset shows the company beat estimates on Q2 2025 (actual EPS 1.05 vs est. 1.03) and Q1 2025 (0.92 vs est. 0.896) but missed in Q4 and Q1 of adjacent quarters by small amounts. The pattern indicates management has been executing close to consensus and that surprises have been measured. That track record reinforces the view that Otis’s risk is execution slippage in cyclical markets rather than headline accounting surprises.

Competitive position and technology edge#

Otis competes with Schindler, KONE and TK Elevator in a consolidated market where scale and installed base matter. The company’s strength is its large installed base and the ability to monetize it through Service, combined with product and digital differentiation such as Gen3 and Otis ONE. These capabilities are not unique in the industry, but when coupled with broad geographic reach and an established service network they create a durable cash engine: installations lead to data, which leads to predictive service, which leads to modernization, and so on. The economics are real and visible in the margin and cash-flow figures.

What this means for investors#

Investors tracking [OTIS] should think in terms of two simultaneous stories. First, the operating story: Otis is a cash-generative Service business with improving margins and a predictable free-cash-flow stream (FY2024 free cash flow $1.44B, ~10.09% of revenue). Second, the balance-sheet and governance story: negative shareholders’ equity (-$4.85B) and meaningful repurchases (>$1B in 2024) create optics and potential constraints if cyclical pressures widen.

Key monitoring points for the next 12 months include Service organic growth and service margin sustainability, modernization order flow and backlog conversion from announced international infrastructure awards, progress and measured impact of cost actions in China, and credit metric trends (net debt / EBITDA and interest coverage). The interplay of these factors will determine whether multiple expansion or contraction drives share-price performance, not a single quarterly beat.

Key takeaways#

Otis is delivering on the part of its strategy that matters most financially: recurring Service cash flow and margin expansion. The company converted solid earnings into $1.44B of free cash flow in FY2024 while preserving R&D and returning cash through dividends and buybacks. That operating performance coexists with a negative equity position and elevated leverage relative to some peers, creating a two-track risk profile: operational resilience vs. balance-sheet optics.

From a strategic standpoint, international infrastructure wins and a sizeable modernization pipeline can sustain Service tails, but execution in China and the pace at which new equipment awards convert to long-duration service contracts will determine whether the company’s operating momentum is durable. Management’s programmatic cost actions in China (target increased from $30MM to $40MM) are the right kind of tactical response but are modest relative to the size of the business.

Closing synthesis#

Otis today looks like a high-quality, cash-generative industrial-services business with a durable Service franchise and steady modernization demand that together produce meaningful free cash flow. The company’s accounting footprint — negative equity driven by cumulative buybacks, dividends and prior balances — introduces headline risk that demands monitoring, but does not negate the cash-driven economics visible in FY2024 results. Investors should watch Service growth, modernization backlog conversion and China execution as the primary drivers of whether Otis can convert steady operating cash flow into sustained valuation improvement.

All financial figures in this article are calculated from Otis’s FY2024 and prior fiscal-year financial statements and related quarterly disclosures (company filings and investor presentations) available through Otis Investor Relations Otis Investor Relations. The analysis uses the company-reported revenue, income, cash flow and balance-sheet line items to compute margins, leverage and payout metrics shown above.