On cash flow, GM generated $20.13B of net cash from operating activities but spent $26.11B on capital expenditures, producing the -$5.98B free cash flow outcome (FY2024 cash-flow statement). Capital intensity as a share of revenue is notable: capex of $26.11B equals approximately 13.93% of 2024 revenue, a step-up consistent with factory conversions, Ultium platform investments and battery-related capacity buildouts.

Those investments are deliberate: GM’s shift to EV and software-enabled vehicles necessitates heavy near-term capital to retool plants, expand battery partnerships and build software capabilities. The pain point is timing — investments hit cash flow today while the revenue and margin upside from those investments are expected to accrue over a multi-year horizon.

Balance Sheet and Leverage: Net Debt, Liquidity and Coverage#

GM ends FY2024 with $19.87B in cash and cash equivalents and $27.14B in cash and short-term investments, total current assets of $108.55B, total assets of $279.76B, total debt of $130.69B and net debt of $110.82B (FY2024 balance sheet). Using those figures and the FY2024 EBITDA of $21.75B, a simple net-debt-to-EBITDA calculation gives roughly 5.09x (110.82 / 21.75). A total-debt-to-EBITDA calculation is approximately 6.01x (130.69 / 21.75). Both measures reflect elevated leverage relative to traditional automotive norms and underscore why free cash flow recovery matters for financial flexibility.

There is a modest working-capital cushion: total current assets of $108.55B against total current liabilities of $96.27B produces a current-ratio snapshot of about 1.13x on the FY2024 balance sheet. (Note: TTM metrics reported elsewhere in the dataset show a slightly higher current ratio; differences reflect periodization and rolling measurements.) The company also retained sizeable tangible asset base with property, plant and equipment net of $83.49B.

Reconciling Valuation Multiples: EV/EBITDA and Market Signals#

Market-implied multiples vary depending on timing and definitions. Using the reported market capitalization of $54.78B and FY2024 balance-sheet debt and cash, an enterprise value (EV) approximation equals market cap + total debt - cash and short-term investments = $158.33B (54.78 + 130.69 - 27.14). Dividing that EV by FY2024 EBITDA ($21.75B) yields approximately 7.28x EV/EBITDA. This differs from the dataset’s TTM EV/EBITDA figure of 8.42x, which likely uses a different market-cap snapshot or alternative EBITDA definition (TTM aggregation vs fiscal-year figure). The difference is material and highlights why investors must align numerator and denominator timing when computing multiples: EV and EBITDA must be measured on the same window to be comparable.

Price-to-earnings is simpler to reconcile: the latest trading price of $57.54 and an EPS figure of $6.55 produce a P/E near 8.79x, consistent with the quote-level PE reported in the dataset. That low multiple reflects the market pricing of near-term earnings risk and high capital intensity.

Income-Statement Trends (2021–2024) — Table and Narrative#

The following table distills the income-statement trajectory that drives the narrative: rising revenue but uneven margin conversion as investments and non-operating items compress net income.

Year	Revenue (USD)	Gross Profit	Operating Income	Net Income	Net Margin
2024	187.44B	23.15B	12.78B	6.01B	3.21%
2023	171.84B	19.14B	9.30B	10.13B	5.89%
2022	156.74B	20.98B	10.31B	9.93B	6.34%
2021	127.00B	17.88B	9.32B	10.02B	7.89%

(Income-statement figures: GM FY2021–FY2024 filings)

The table shows two inflection points. First, revenue growth has been steady — a multiyear increase driven by product demand and price/mix — with a 3-year revenue compound annual growth rate of ~13.85% (historical growth composite in the data). Second, net margin has compressed from the mid-single digits in 2021–2022 to 3.21% in 2024. The primary drivers are higher depreciation and capital intensity tied to EV investments, and one-time or near-term items that impacted non-operating results in the year.

Cash Flow and Capital Allocation — Investment versus Returns#

Capital allocation choices are at the center of GM’s story. Over the last four fiscal years GM has repeatedly prioritized heavy capital investment and shareholder distributions. In FY2024, the company reported $1.94B of net cash from financing activities, $653MM of dividends paid, and $7.06B of share repurchases. Across the multi-year period, repurchases have accelerated and then moderated year-to-year in response to cash generation and strategic priorities.

The cash flow table below summarizes key cash-flow line items and illustrates how operating cash was eclipsed by investing cash in FY2024.

Year	Net Cash from Ops	Capital Expenditure	Free Cash Flow	Dividends Paid	Repurchases
2024	20.13B	-26.11B	-5.98B	-653MM	-7.06B
2023	20.93B	-24.61B	-3.68B	-597MM	-11.12B
2022	16.04B	-21.19B	-5.14B	-397MM	-2.50B
2021	15.19B	-22.11B	-6.92B	-186MM	0

(GM FY2021–FY2024 cash flow statements)

Free cash flow has been negative in each year shown as capital spending outpaces operating cash. That pattern is consistent with a capital-intensive transition to EVs and electrified manufacturing. The scale of repurchases in 2023 and 2024 (over $18B combined) alongside heavy capex raises questions about timing and allocation: repurchases reduce available liquidity and increase leverage, while capex is intended to produce future margins — the returns on which remain to be fully realized.

Execution Signals: Earnings Beats and Guidance Noise#

Across 2025 quarter reports included in the dataset, GM posted several modest quarterly earnings beats (e.g., actual EPS 2.53 vs estimate 2.34 on 2025-07-22), which suggest management continues to deliver operational execution relative to street expectations in the near term. However, full-year outcomes and cash conversion dynamics show a company still balancing investment and return. Historical tendency for GM to beat near-term quarterly estimates while managing a heavy capital program has been consistent with its stated EV and software investment path.

Strategic Transformation: EV and Software Investments — The ROI Question#

GM’s strategic pivot to electric vehicles, Ultium platforms and monetizable software/services is the rationale behind elevated capex and R&D outlays (FY2024 R&D reported as $9.2B). The investment thesis is that platform consolidation, supplier partnerships (notably in batteries) and software monetization will yield higher lifetime value per vehicle and margin improvements over time.

The core analytical challenge is timeline and measurability. The company must convert pilot projects and factory digitization efforts into measurable margin gains while avoiding the trap common to enterprise AI and digitization efforts where many pilots fail to scale. For GM, success will be visible in manufacturing KPIs (uptime, warranty trends, ramp velocity) and their translation into margin improvement and free cash flow recovery. Management’s capital allocation choices — balancing repurchases, dividends and capex — implicitly assume that investments will yield attractive returns within a reasonable timeframe.

Competitive Position and Industry Context#

GM competes with incumbent legacy OEMs and a growing set of EV-native competitors. Its scale, entrenched dealer and supplier networks, and access to capital are advantages versus many new entrants. However, scale also imposes complexity: factory conversions and data/plumbing upgrades across a global footprint are harder and slower than for smaller EV-first firms. GM’s IP in platforms like Ultium and its partnerships in battery and software development are competitive assets, but translating those assets into superior return-on-capital is the key test.

Discrepancies and Data Notes#

Some reported TTM ratios in the dataset differ from the simple fiscal-year snapshots calculated here. For example, the dataset lists an enterprise-value-over-EBITDA of 8.42x while a market-cap-plus-debt-minus-cash EV computed from the dataset and FY2024 EBITDA yields ~7.28x. Similarly, TTM current-ratio and ROE measures differ modestly from FY2024 snapshots. These disparities stem from differences in the timing of market-cap data, TTM versus fiscal-year aggregation methods, and the EBITDA definition used in each calculation. Where possible this article uses FY2024 year-end figures for apples-to-apples comparisons and flags when TTM figures deviate.

What This Means For Investors#

Investors should focus on three measurable outcomes to judge whether GM’s capital deployment is translating into durable value. First, recoveries in free cash flow as capex intensity stabilizes or produces margin lift. A return to positive FCF on a sustained basis would materially reduce leverage and re-open optionality for shareholder distributions. Second, evidence of margin improvement tied to EV scale: rising gross and operating margins from platform standardization, battery cost declines, or software/services revenue growth. Third, operating KPIs in manufacturing that translate to fewer warranty claims, higher line uptime, and faster time-to-volume for new EV models — each a direct link from operational execution to P&L and cash generation.

Absent those signals, the combination of heavy capex, sizeable repurchases and elevated leverage raises the risk that GM’s balance sheet will be carrying the burden of an expensive transition without timely returns.

Key Takeaways#

GM reported $187.44B revenue in FY2024 (+9.08%) while net income declined to $6.01B (-40.67%) and free cash flow was -$5.98B as capex rose to $26.11B (company filings). The balance sheet shows net debt around $110.82B, producing a net-debt-to-EBITDA of roughly 5.09x on FY2024 figures. Price multiples (P/E ≈ 8.79x) reflect market skepticism about near-term cash conversion and capital intensity. The investment story hinges on whether EV and software investments translate into measurable margin and FCF improvements within a multi-year window.

Conclusion — A Transition Funded, Not Yet Proven#

GM is deploying capital at scale into a strategic transformation: factory retooling, battery partnerships and software development. The company’s FY2024 numbers show revenue momentum but also the mechanics of an expensive conversion — compressed net income, negative free cash flow and elevated leverage. Those outcomes are consistent with an industry incumbent funding a structural shift, but they do not yet prove that the shift will generate superior returns.

The critical monitorables are straightforward and measurable: free cash flow trajectory, margin expansion tied to EV scale or software monetization, and operating KPIs on the factory floor that reduce warranty costs and improve ramp efficiency. Management has the balance sheet and cash-generating ability to fund the transition, but timing of payback and discipline of capital allocation will determine whether this is a successful strategic pivot or a capital-intensive stretch whose returns remain uncertain.

(Company FY2021–FY2024 financial statements and latest market quote underpin the figures and calculations cited above.)