To understand the magnitude of the shift, look at FY 2024 vs FY 2023 performance. Nucor’s consolidated revenue fell from $34.71 billion in 2023 to $30.73 billion in 2024 — a -11.46% decline calculated from the reported figures (30.73 − 34.71) ÷ 34.71 = -11.46%. Over the same interval operating income slipped from $6.23 billion to $2.98 billion, a contraction of -52.16% ((2.98 − 6.23) ÷ 6.23 = -52.16%), and reported net income declined from $4.52 billion to $2.03 billion, a change of -55.04% ((2.03 − 4.52) ÷ 4.52 = -55.04%).

Gross‑profit and margin decompositions show the depth of the swing. Gross profit dropped from $7.82 billion (22.53% margin) in 2023 to $4.10 billion (13.35% margin) in 2024 — a fall of more than 900 basis points in gross margin. EBITDA fell from $7.69 billion to $4.49 billion, translating to an EBITDA margin decline from 22.15% to 14.61%. Those moves are not just arithmetic — they reflect both price and mix pressure across steel products and the fading of the extraordinary margin tailwinds that benefited the industry in 2021–2022.

Table 1 below summarizes those year‑by‑year operating results and margins for convenience and comparison.

Fiscal Year	Revenue (B)	Gross Profit (B)	Gross Margin	Operating Income (B)	Operating Margin	Net Income (B)	Net Margin
2024	30.73	4.10	13.35%	2.98	9.69%	2.03	6.61%
2023	34.71	7.82	22.53%	6.23	17.95%	4.52	13.03%
2022	41.51	12.50	30.12%	10.51	25.31%	7.61	18.33%
2021	36.48	11.03	30.22%	9.32	25.54%	6.83	18.71%

Source: Nucor annual financial statements (FY 2021–2024). These year‑over‑year swings are material: Nucor moved from mid‑teens/net margins in 2021–2022 to single‑digit net margins by 2024, demonstrating the cyclicality underpinning the business.

Balance Sheet and Cash Flow: Strength with a Tightening Free‑Cash‑Flow Profile#

Nucor enters the post‑Q2 period with a balance sheet that remains conservative by heavy‑industry standards. At year‑end 2024 the company reported total assets of $33.94 billion, total liabilities of $12.52 billion, and total stockholders’ equity of $20.29 billion. Cash and cash equivalents were $3.56 billion and total debt was $6.95 billion. Using the common market convention of cash‑only net debt (total debt minus cash and cash equivalents), Nucor’s fiscal‑year net debt calculates to $3.39 billion (6.95 − 3.56 = 3.39), which is the figure the company also reports on its balance‑sheet summary.

Using FY 2024 EBITDA of $4.49 billion, net‑debt‑to‑EBITDA is approximately 0.76x (3.39 ÷ 4.49 = 0.76x) — a modest leverage ratio indicative of substantial balance‑sheet flexibility relative to many industrial peers. For reference, the company’s stated debt‑to‑equity is roughly 0.34x (6.95 ÷ 20.29 = 0.34x), which is consistent with a conservative posture.

Cash‑flow patterns, however, show pressure in converting earnings into free cash. In FY 2024 Nucor reported free cash flow of $0.806 billion on net income of $2.03 billion, a conversion of approximately 39.66% (0.806 ÷ 2.03 = 39.66%). Capital expenditure rose to $3.17 billion in 2024 as investments accelerated, squeezing free cash generation relative to earlier years (FY 2023 free cash flow was $4.9 billion). That step‑up in capex reflects management’s push to modernize and expand capacity, but it also compressed distributable cash in the near term.

Table 2 provides a compact view of key balance sheet and cash‑flow metrics across recent years.

Fiscal Year	Cash & Equiv. (B)	Total Assets (B)	Total Debt (B)	Net Debt (B) (calc)	Net Cash from Ops (B)	Capex (B)	Free Cash Flow (B)
2024	3.56	33.94	6.95	3.39	3.98	3.17	0.806
2023	6.38	35.34	6.84	0.46	7.11	2.21	4.90
2022	4.28	32.48	6.69	2.41	10.07	1.95	8.12
2021	2.36	25.82	5.68	3.32	6.23	1.62	4.61

Source: Nucor balance sheet and cash‑flow statements (FY 2021–2024).

Two reconciliation notes are important. First, small differences in reported “net income” between the income statement and the cash‑flow statement for FY 2024 (the cash‑flow table shows a net‑income-like figure of $2.32 billion in one line while the income statement reports $2.03 billion) reflect presentation and reconciling items — we prioritize the consolidated income statement for GAAP net‑income comparisons but call out such discrepancies when they affect ratios. Second, the company’s published “net debt” in different disclosures can use either cash & equivalents or cash + short‑term investments; we explicitly calculate net debt here as total debt less cash & equivalents (6.95 − 3.56 = 3.39), matching the company’s primary balance‑sheet convention in the FY summary.

Capital Allocation: Dividends, Buybacks and the Tension with Elevated Capex#

Nucor continues to return capital aggressively even as it steps up investment. The company declared quarterly dividends of $0.55 per share in 2025 (the June 2025 payment was $0.55), continuing a 50‑plus year streak of increases and cementing its Dividend King status. Dividends paid were $522 million in FY 2024 and repurchases totaled approximately $2.22 billion in the same year, per the cash‑flow statement.

That mix demonstrates the management playbook: maintain predictable quarterly income for shareholders while using buybacks opportunistically to reduce share count. But the recent ramp in capex (FY 2024 capex $3.17 billion, FY 2025 guidance ~$3.0 billion as communicated by management) narrows free cash available for discretionary returns in weaker price environments. The net effect is a higher structural need for operating cash to fund both investment and shareholder returns; when commodity prices and margins compress, the company’s ability to sustain both sizable capex and large buybacks becomes the focal capital‑allocation risk.

Berkshire Hathaway’s investment matters in this context: an $850 million stake is material at the portfolio level and signals a vote of confidence in management’s capital‑allocation discipline. It also suggests Berkshire sees long‑term return potential in Nucor’s reinvestment program even if near‑term FCF faces headwinds.

Competitive Positioning and the Structural Demand Case (AI + Onshoring + Infrastructure)#

Nucor’s strategic advantages are well documented: a North American scale position, a broad product slate and extensive Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) production that lowers capital intensity and emissions relative to traditional blast‑furnace peers. Those attributes are the core reasons Berkshire found Nucor attractive and explain why industry narratives increasingly focus on durable demand drivers beyond cyclical construction.

Three structural demand vectors matter. First, federal and state infrastructure spending supports long‑lived projects that consume structural steel and plate. Second, onshoring of supply chains creates sustained domestic demand for engineered steel products over multi‑year horizons. Third, the build‑out of data centers and AI infrastructure — racks, frames, enclosures and site structures — represents a higher‑quality, less‑price‑sensitive demand pool that favors reliable, on‑time domestic producers. Market commentary and futures data show some softening in hot‑rolled coil forward curves since mid‑2025, but demand mix and application shift remain credible multi‑year growth vectors for Nucor Steel Market Update.

That said, the competitive set is credible. Cleveland‑Cliffs and U.S. Steel remain formidable and will compete on price and specialty product portfolios. Nucor’s EAF advantage is durable on emissions and operational flexibility, but scale alone does not immunize it from cyclicality. The current recovery in shipments alongside margin pressure is an example: volumes recovered but pricing and product‑mix kept EBITDA and gross margins under pressure.

Margin Decomposition: Where Is the Pressure Coming From and Is It Transitory?#

The margin compression observed from 2022 through 2024 is driven by a mix of lower pricing, unfavorable product mix and rising input costs in certain segments. The near‑term Q2 narrative shows pricing easing in some commodity grades even as shipments rose. Management guided to modestly lower Q3 earnings citing expected margin compression — a signal that the company does not see a quick re‑leveraging of profitability purely from volume growth.

Decomposing FY 2024 versus FY 2023, about half of the operating‑income decline is explained by reduced gross profit (price/mix) and the other half by lower operational gearing as volumes normalized after peak years. In plain terms, the company can increase utilization and shipments — which it did in Q2 2025 — but if realized average selling prices do not hold, operating leverage will not fully restore prior margins. The sustainability of margins therefore depends on three variables: domestic pricing discipline (influenced by tariffs and imports), durable demand from structural end markets, and successful cost reduction / efficiency improvements at the plant level.

Forward Indicators and Consensus Expectations#

Analyst consensus in the provided estimates sketches a multi‑year recovery in earnings and revenue. The 2025 consensus revenue estimate is roughly $32.81 billion with estimated EPS $8.40 for the full year 2025, and forward P/E compressions in outer years suggest markets expect earnings normalization through 2026–2027. Forward EV/EBITDA estimates also trend lower as analysts model margin recovery and higher EBITDA in subsequent years. These consensus paths are plausible if the structural demand thesis (AI/data centers + infrastructure + onshoring) materializes and tariffs or other policy support sustain domestic pricing floors.

However, the near‑term guidance from management — cautious on margins — and the steep FY 2022→2024 margin deterioration counsel prudence: the market must watch realized selling prices per ton and the interplay between shipments and product mix as leading indicators of recovery.

What This Means For Investors (No Recommendation)#

Berkshire’s sizable stake reframes Nucor from a pure commodity bet to an industrial holding with strategic optionality. That endorsement matters because it validates management’s capital‑allocation discipline and the company’s investment in EAF and higher‑value products. At the same time, Nucor’s financials reveal real constraints: free cash flow compressed in 2024 due to elevated capex, gross and EBITDA margins remain well below the 2021–2022 peaks, and management’s near‑term guidance is conservative.

For investors focused on income and capital return mechanics, Nucor still offers a long track record of dividends and significant buybacks. For investors focused on normalized earnings power, the critical variables are the pace of structural demand adoption (AI/data center + infrastructure) and whether domestic pricing discipline persists. The intersection of those variables will determine whether current earnings represent a trough or a longer‑lasting reset.

Key Takeaways#

• Berkshire’s ~ $850M stake is a strategic endorsement that shifts the narrative toward long‑term industrial ownership rather than short‑term commodity speculation. (Source: press disclosures and coverage.)

• Nucor’s FY 2024 vs FY 2023 performance shows material cyclical drag: revenue −11.46%, operating income −52.16%, net income −55.04%. These declines illustrate how quickly steel economics can re‑rate. (See Table 1.)

• Balance‑sheet metrics remain conservative: total debt $6.95B, cash $3.56B, net debt ~$3.39B, and net‑debt/EBITDA ≈ 0.76x using FY 2024 figures — a position that supports both reinvestment and distributions in normal cycles. (See Table 2.)

• Free cash flow was squeezed in 2024 to $0.806B due to $3.17B of capex, reducing discretionary capacity for buybacks and accelerating the tradeoff between growth investment and shareholder returns.

• Nucor’s strategic advantages (scale, EAF technology, diversified product slate) make it a logical beneficiary of onshoring and AI/data‑center demand, but margins will require price discipline or structural demand to re‑normalize.

Conclusion#

Nucor sits at an inflection that is at once comforting and demanding. Berkshire Hathaway’s entry is the clearest vote of confidence the company has received in years, endorsing Nucor’s combination of industrial scale, EAF advantage and shareholder‑friendly capital allocation. Yet the underlying financials reveal that Nucor is still navigating the aftershocks of a multi‑year margin cycle: revenue and profits have re‑rated lower, free cash flow has been compressed by elevated capex, and management is candid about the potential for near‑term margin pressure.

Put differently, Berkshire’s stake reframes the long‑term story, but it does not obviate the short‑term operational and cash‑flow realities shown in the numbers. The coming quarters will hinge on realized selling prices per ton, product mix shifts into higher‑quality end markets (notably AI/data‑center infrastructure), and management’s ability to balance capex with returns without stretching financial flexibility. Those are measurable indicators; watchers should focus on realized average selling prices, margins by segment, and the pace of capex execution as the true signal set for whether Nucor’s normalized earnings power is being redefined or simply repriced within a familiar cyclicality.

Sources: Nucor Corporation financial statements and Q2 2025 results, Nucor investor press release, industry market updates and public disclosures.